Skeletal System Function and Components

Child Development Reflection - 908 Words

Reflection #3 Many people fail to understand the importance of the environment they raise their children in. Raising children in the proper environment is just as crucial as feeding and caring for them. If we do not provide children with an appropriate environment, their development could be affected negatively for the rest of their lives. During a study, infants were placed in orphanages who were later exposed to family rearing and confirmed how important a generally stimulating environment is for psychological development. (Berk, Chapter 5, 2014) Another investigation was done where children were transferred between birth and three and a half years old from deprived Romanian orphanages to adoptive families in Great Britain. When the†¦show more content†¦I would then give them a project that required both the eighth and first grade student to work together. For instance, each pair of students could be given a map of the United States. The first-grade student would be responsible for co loring the map in and the eighth-grade student would be responsible for labeling the states. This project would force the first and eighth grade students to work together and talk with each other. This would expose the students to the different language of older students compared to younger students. It would be beneficial for all the students. As a teacher, I believe you should make the most of the resources you are provided and take advantage of having older, mature students in the building. When children are growing up, most of what they learn comes from what their parents say and do. Therefore, it is important for parents to serve as good role models and be aware that their children are always watching. Research was done in a laboratory that found deferred imitation is present at six weeks of age. (Berk, Chapter 6, 2014) This was surprising to me because that seems very young. When infants observed adults making unusual facial expressions, the infants imitated the same faces th e next time they saw the adults. Infants start to copy actions with objects as their motor capacities become more advanced. This made me feel veryShow MoreRelatedReflection On Child Development1250 Words   |  5 PagesCourse Reflection Throughout this course, I have learned the differences between observation and recording methods, how to choose the most useful method, and why it is important to understand and be knowledgeable of child development, along with how I will use this knowledge in the future. The most important knowledge that has been gained is why it is important to understand and be knowledgeable of child development. Understanding the differences between the observational types and recording methodsRead MoreReflection On Child Development726 Words   |  3 Pageswas born February 4th 2014 and when I observed she is 4 years old. 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They showcased how preschool studentsRead MoreChild Development Course Reflection Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor requirements, but also made me understand more about the complexity of child development and how I can become a better person as a future parent and educator. Since I am an Education major, the four topics that would benefit me in the future are Erikson’s stages, Induction, Educational Self Fulfilling Philosophy, and Adolescence. I plan to be successful with my career and use what I have learned in Child Development to prepare future’s leaders of tomorrow. Initially, Erikson’s stages describedRead MoreReflections on Child Development Workshop Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesconfident when completing this task. The further studying also supported this matter as The Teaching Company (2008) promotes a range of observations and influences practitioners to step back and watch children, as it helps to notice stages of their development and their developmental needs. 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Infection Prevention and Control free essay sample

Understand the roles and responsibilities in prevention and control of infection AMy role is to maintain a high standard of health and hygiene, which means regularly washing my uniform, regularly washing and keeping my hair clean and tied back, keeping my nails short and not wearing false nails or polish. Not wearing rings. Regularly washing my hands the correct way. I must report illness and any skin conditions to my manager and not come into work with diarrhoea and/or vomiting until 48 hours clears. I must be aware of infection prevention and control policies and procedure and follow at all times, using the appropriate PPE. I must report anything I think poses as an infection risk to my manager. I must also attend training sessions and keep my training up to date. BThe employers role is to carry out risk assessments to identify risks and ways to remove, reduce or control them. Produce infection control policies and procedure with steps to be taken that comply with legislations and make the fully available to all staff. Provide training for all employees and offer the training regularly to keep all employees training up to date. Distribute relevant information when guidelines/polices etc have change or if there has been an outbreak of an infectious illness. To provide the correct PPE for all employees. Keeping records of anything relating to infection prevention such as cleaning schedules/fridge temperatures. Informing HSE of any outbreaks of infection. 2Understand legislation and policies relating to prevention and control of infection ALaws that apply- The health and safety at work act 1974 Management of health and safety at work act Public health (control of diseases act) Food safety Act Environmental protection act PPE at work regulations Hazardous waste regulations 2005 Control of substances hazardous to health 2002 RIDDOR (reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences) Code of practice BNational Minimum Standards states that the premises are to be kept clean, hygienic and free from offensive odours throughout and there must be a system in place to control the spread of infection, in accordance with relevant legislation and published professional guidance. Laundry facilities need to be situated away from areas where food is stored and handled. Hand washing facilities are sited in areas where infected materials and or clinical waste are being handled. Policies and procedures for control of infection must include dealing with spillages, provision of protective clothing and hand washing. The care home must have a sluicing facilities and sluicing disinfectant. Laundry must be washed at a minimum of 65Â °c for no less than 10 minutes. CPolices that apply are- Infection prevention and control policy Waste management policy Health and safety at work policy Safe sharp practice Personal protective equipment Aseptic technique and clean technique Hand hygiene policy 3Understand system and procedures relating to the prevention and control of infections AInfection prevention and control procedure for the management of influenza Personal protective equipment procedure Decontamination procedure Hand hygiene procedure Management for MRSA Screening for MRSA Prevention of occupational exposure to blood Aseptic technique Isolation procedure Management of an outbreak of diarrhoea and vomiting BThe impact an outbreak could have is increase in cost ofr the organisation because of having to get in extra PPE. Staffing levels may decrease due to high staff sickness levels. Loos of confidence from the public and the service users. If legislation are not being met there could be legal action taken against the company. As an employee they may have a loss in confidence in the organisation because they feel not enough was done to prevent the outbreak, They also may become scared of working in-case they themselves become infected and my possibly pass it onto their families. The service users could have server ramifications if they themselves become infected they may become hospitalised and may even cause death. 4Understand the importance of risk assessment in relation to the prevention and control of infection ADefinition of the term risk means the possibility of a hazard to cause harm for example not following hand washing procedure increases the likelihood of spreading infection. BAssisting with personal care and dealing with bodily fluids and waste. Disposal of waste such as incontinence aids and needles. Caring for individuals who have infectious illnesses. Dealing with laundry that could have human waste on them. Bathrooms, showers, toilets where there could be human waste and bodily fluids, where it is warm and moist to create the right conditions for bacteria to multiply. Kitchen and dining room surfaces where different types of food and being prepared and eaten. Csteps to be taken when carrying out a risk assessment- Identify the hazard- identify the source where the micro-organisms and infections can come from e. g blood, saliva, urine, vomit, faeces, coughs and sneezes. How transmission can occur e. g contaminated hands, breathing in infections, broken skin, splashes of bodily fluids. Determine who is at risk and how- who is likely to come into contact with bodily fluids and waste. Individuals who have low immune systems either due to prior illness or age. Evaluate the risk-How often is the task carried out, how many people are exposed, how much infectious material is handled. Recoding the findings of the risk assessment so it can be referred back to and employees can see what steps they should be taking to reduce the risk. Implementing the actions identified to reduce risks for example added procedures, PPE. Reviewing the impact of the actions regularly or when the situation changes to ensure they still sufficiently reduce the risk or if more needs to be done. DRisk assessments are vital because the risk of infection needs to be reduced as much as possible to protect everybody in the care setting and who enters the care setting. Risk assessments identify what needs to be done to reduce the risk of infection and also helps prevent reoccurrence of the infection. They also help Improve safe practice and help provide a high standard of care. Understand the importance of using PPE in the prevention and control of infection AGloves- these are to be worn when dealing with hazardous waste and when dealing with individuals such as their personal care or assisting to feed, gloves are a single use and must be changed and disposed of at the end of every task and before starting a new task or dealing with another i ndividual. Aprons- Are for single use only and must be changed and disposed of at the end of every task. Aprons prevent your clothes from becoming soiled and reduces the risk of cross contamination. Masks- these are good for when caring for an individual who has a contagious illness or an individual who suffers a mental illness who spits and reduces the risk of infection being breathed in or swallowed. Goggles- to protect eyes, which help protect whilst cleaning up spillages of hazardous waste or when caring for individuals are vomiting so infections can’t enter into your blood stream through the eyes. Hair covers- when caring for individuals with open wounds so it stops you hair from falling into the wound. Or when you are handling food so as it doesn’t fall in. Gowns-can be used for when caring for individuals who are highly contagious, they protect your cloths from becoming soiled and reduce the risk of cross contamination. Over shoes- can be used when cleaning up hazardous wastes, so as not to spread it around the care home. BPPE should be used as it protects the service providers and service users from the spread of infection. Reduces the risk of cross contamination. CThe laws that apply to wearing PPE are- Personal protective equipment regulations 1992 Health and safety at work act 1974 Control of substances hazardous to health DMy responsibility with regard to the use of PPE are always to use the PPE provided, use the correct PPE for the task I’m about to carry out, to follow the correct procedure for the use and disposal of PPE. To attend the training sessions on the use of PPE. EThe employers responsibility with regards to the use of PPE are to provide PPE which is appropriate to the tasks that are carried out for the certain job roles and to provide training of the staff of correct usage of PPE and procedures of disposal of PPE. F How to apply and remove the PPE I use. Gloves- After washing hands gloves should be put on by holding the wrist end of the glove open with one hand to allow the other hand to enter then extend the glove to cover the wrist and repeat for other hand. To remove the gloves grasp the outside of the glove with one gloved hand (as the outside is contaminated and you don’t want to touch the outside with your bare skin)and peel off the glove, keep hold of the removed glove in your gloved hand and slide your un-gloved hand fingers inside the top of your glove and peel off pulling over the already removed glove discard in clinical waste and wash hands. Aprons- to put on, snap apron off the roll and open out, pull the apron over your head and tie behind your back. To remove place your hands inside of the apron and push outwards to snap the ties around your waist, pull the apron away from neck and shoulders lifting over your head, touching the inside only. Fold or roll into a bundle and discard in clinical waste bins and wash hands. GThe correct way to dispose of PPE is to remove at the end of every task. Once removed it should be disposed of in a clinical waste bin which is lined with a yellow bag and should be operated with a foot pedal. understand the importance of good personal hygiene in prevention and control of infection AThe key principles of good hygiene are keeping nails short as bacteria can live under nails. Keeping hair clean and tied back as hair can contain large amounts of bacteria which can contaminate open wounds, food etc. Regular hand washing, after eating, using the toilet, smoking, touching your hair and face, s neezing, coughing before starting tasks and after tasks are completed. Regular full body washes (showers/baths etc) to help prevent bacteria and fungal infections growing on the skin. Regular Laundering your uniform. Not wearing watches, bracelets or rings. BHow to wash your hands Wet hands thoroughly under warm running water Apply liquid soap in palm of hand Rub hands together palm to palm Rub palm to palm with fingers interlaced Rub back of hand with palm of other hand fingers interlaced and then swap Rub with back of fingers to opposing palm with fingers interlocked Using rotational movements rub around each thumb which is clamped in opposing hand Rub fingertips on the palm of opposite hand in a circular motion and then swap Rub each wrist going halfway up your lower arm with the opposite hand Rinse hands thoroughly under the running water Dry hands completely with a paper towel and using the paper towel to turn off the tap before discarding of it Chands must be washed to prevent the spread of infection and reduce the risk of cross contamination to reduce the bacteria found on hands which could be transferred. Hands are a major route to spreading infection. Dtypes of products that can be used for hand washing Liquid soap from a dispenser which is far more hygienic than a bar of soap which is left on the side for all to use and grow micro organisms. Liquid soap is used for lower risk activities. Antiseptic hand wash can be used as it helps to kill bacteria that may be present on hands. Antiseptic hand wash should be used after high risk tasks such as dealing with hazardous waste. Alcohol hand gel can be used when your hands appear clean a and you are not close to a hand washing facility when an emergency arises and you need to respond immediately. The gel can also be used after normal hand washing to ensure hands are free from bacteria. Paper towels to dry your hands, this is the most hygienic way to dry your hands because they are only for single use and are discarded immediately after use. EOther skin care procedures that need to be taken into account are, checking your hands for any cuts, breaks or cracks in the skin and making sure they are covered either by blue plasters or a dressing. 7understand the causes of infection ABacteria- are single cell micro-organisms capable of multiplying on their own. Bacteria are everywhere and the majority are harmless. Pathogenic bacteria cause infections and illness. Bacteria cause infections because they end up in the wrong place in the body or because they are designed to invade. Virus- is a very small micro-organism that can’t multiply on their own, it can only survive and reproduce inside a living host cell. They latch onto cells and get inside them. Cells of mucous membranes are particularly open to viruses because there is no protective skin. Fungi- is a plant like organism which produces spores. The spores are very resistant to external influences and can live on after the growth form has disappeared. Coming into contact with these spores can cause fungal infections particularly when the skin is broken or the immune system is weak. Fungi and fungal yeast are often part of the bodies natural flora and under normal circumstances grow on the mucous membranes without doing any harm. When there is an imbalance in the natural flora, fungal yeast infections occur. Parasites- are living organisms that depend on a host for survival. They live and feed off the host body. Parasites can be past on by eating contaminated food or by contact with infected person or animal. BBacteria- Clostridium difficile, bladder infection, impetigo, cellulitis, bacterial vaginosis. Virus- Cold, flu, gastroenteritis, chicken pox, shingles, herpes, warts. Fungal- Thrush, atheletes foot, ringworm, nail infections. Parasites- Worms (tapeworm, round worm), head lice, scabies. CInfection is when pathogenic micro-organisms invade and multiply inside the body or tissue and cause harm resulting in illness or condition. Colonisation is when micro-organisms live and multiply in or on a host without causing harm or illness such as staphylococcus aureus which commonly lives on the skin without causing any harm until the skin is broken. DSystemic infection is when pathogenic micro-organisms spread through the body affecting the whole body or many parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time. Viral infections are generally systemic. Localised Infection is when pathogenic micro-organisms only affect a specific part of the body and only has symptoms local to the area of infection, such as inflammation, redness, swelling and pain. EPoor practices in care homes that will lead to the spread of infection are, poor hand hygiene, staff not following hand washing technique or just not washing hands. Staff not using the appropriate PPE. Not following cleaning schedules, not maintaining a clean environment or equipment. Not following procedures in place to prevent and control the spread of infection. Poor waste disposal and storage. 8Understand the transmission of infection Aconditions micro-organisms need to grow Moisture Warmth- they grow between temps 5Â °c 63Â °c Time- they can divide into 2 every 20 minutes Food- they require nutrients to survive. BMicro-organisms can enter the body through- Inhalation- through respiratory tract and natural orifices such as mouth and nose by breathing them in. Ingestion- through the digestive system by onsuming contaminated food of drink. Inoculation- Through the skin when it is broken or cut or through artificial orifices such as colostomy, ileostomy and tracheotomy. Through the urinary tract (bladder, urethra, kidneys) CCommon sources of infection are People- e. g those who are infectious or are contaminated. Contaminated food Contaminated equipment Clinical waste Contamina ted laundry Dust DWe can pass micro-organisms from person to person by- Coughing and sneezing- when you cough or sneeze liquid particles are exhaled and if these contain pathogens they can be inhaled by others and can cause droplet infection. Direct physical contact with an infected person e. g skin infections or parasites, also by kissing and sexual contact. Through injection by sharing needles with and infected person. Faecal- oral transmission e. g when caring for an individual who has gastroenteritis and not washing hands then preparing food, the people who eat it could become infected. EThey key factors that will make it more likely that a person will become infected are babies and children as their immune system has not fully developed. Older persons because as we get older the immune system deteriorates leaving it weakened and unable to fight infections. People who have existing illness or condition. Cancers such as lymphomas and certain types of leukaemia’s change the immune system cells and interfere with the way the immune system works. 9Understand how to maintain a clean environment to prevent the spread of infection AThe general principles of environmental cleaning are to follow the colour coding system, only using the correct coloured cleaning materials for the correct job e. g mops, cloths. Clearing all the dust and debris away at the beginning to enable you to properly clean the surfaces. Use the appropriate chemicals and equipment for the task. Start cleaning from the cleanest to the dirtiest so as not to spread the dirt around. Leave the area safe and clean, not leaving cleaning equipment about for others to pick up. BCleaning schedules are important because they set out guidelines as to when and how often cleaning tasks are to be done in order to maintain a clean and safe environment for everybody in the care setting and to prevent the spread of infection. It also provides a record that the cleaning tasks have been carried out . CManagement of the care setting minimise the spread of infection by putting in place policies and procedures which set out responsibilities and what and how tasks need to be done to minimise the spread of infection. They also have risk assessments put into place. Cleaning schedules set out. Hand washing facilities. PPE is also provided for all necessary tasks. DThe national policy for colour coding of cleaning equipment provides consistency and clarity for staff and ensures items are not used in multiple areas reducing risk of cross infection the national colour scheme is Red- bathrooms, washrooms, showers, toilets, basins and bathroom floors. Blue- General areas including wards, department offices and basins in public areas. Green- Catering departments, kitchen areas and patient food services at ward level. Yellow- Isolation areas. 10Understand the principles and steps of decontamination process AThree steps of decontamination Cleaning- using soap based products to remove dust and dirt. Cleaning is an essential requirement before disinfection and sterilisation takes place. Disinfection- Using chemicals or heat to reduce or inactivate pathogens. Sterilisation- Process which removes all pathogens including spores and conditions in which they survive, using chemicals, heat or steam. BCleaning agents should be used following manufacturers instructions and recommendations regarding the amount used, dilution and contact times. Containers used to dilute solutions must be clearly labelled. General purpose cleaning agents are used for general routines environmental cleaning and when visibly dirty, where non-hazardous spillages occur. CDisinfecting agents should be used following manufacturers instructions and recommendations regarding the amount used, dilution and contact times, storage and disposal. Containers used to dilute solutions must be clearly labelled with the name and date and time it was made up. Disinfecting agents should be used after cleaning has taken place to remove the dirt. DThe use of PPE is vital during decontamination processes because it helps to prevent clothing hands and mucous membranes from becoming contaminated with micro-organisms and helps protect from exposure to bodily fluids, reducing the risk of cross contamination. ESome types of contamination pose more risks than others because they can potentially contain more harmful pathogens that others for example blood could potentially contain pathogens which cause blood borne viruses such as hepatitis B, C, D . Faeces can contain pathogens which are highly infectious such as nor virus, gastroenteritis and clostridium difficile. FThe level of risk depends on the type of cleaning or disinfecting agent used, low risk would only requires cleaning. Medium and high risk would require cleaning and disinfecting. Both would need the correct products according to the guidelines for the job. GWhen cleaning small non electrical items then a sink or bucket should be filled with warm water and the appropriate amount of detergent or disinfectant. Items must be cleaned under the surface of the water using a brush or disposable cloth. Allow equipment to drain and then it should be rinsed with warm water and then dried with disposable paper towels. When cleaning electrical equipment it must be disconnected first from the electrical supply, a damp cloth immersed in warm water with appropriate solution then wring out the cloth and equipment wiped down thoroughly and dried with disposable paper towels. 1Understand the importance of good waste management practice in the prevention of the spread of infection AThere are 2 types of waste hazardous waste and non hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is anything that is likely to contain micro-organisms that can cause harm and infections to anybody who comes into contact with it. Non hazardous waste is general household waste such as packagi ng, bottles, tines and food waste and anything else that is not likes to contain pathogens that can cause infections. BWhen disposing of hazardous waste for example when assisting and individual with personal care you should have a small white bag to discard the pads and wipes and PPE used, to make sure they don’t contaminate anything, the bag is tied up and then disposed of into the sluice room and into the clinical waste bin (yellow bag) and operated by a pedal. Once that is full it is then taken and put in the big yellow clinical bins that are kept outside for the appropriate service to pick up and dispose of. General waste is disposed of immediately into a bin with a black bag, lid kept closed at al times. Sharps are disposed of into a sharps container. CBefore waste is collected it should be discarded in the bins outside. Storage should be in a well drained area with wash down facilities. Bins should be impervious and hard standing with lids to prevent scavenging animals. Clinical/hazardous waste must be kept separate to general waste to minimise the risk of accidentally cross contamination. All accidental spills should be cleaned immediately. D Laws and policies that apply to waste management are Hazardous waste regulations Lists of waste regulations Waste management licensing regulations Environmental permitting regulations E. C directive on waste E. C directive on hazardous waste Waste management policy Eto reduce the risk of injury from sharp objects they should be carried on a tray with a sheath still on. Never attempt to re-sheath a needle after it has been used. Once used it must be put back onto the tray immediately and transferred to a yellow sharps bin with a red lid, if appropriate take the sharps bi with you so the sharp can be disposed of immediately after use. This bin is stored in a secure locked cupboard.

Organizational Behavior Movie Analysis Oceans Eleven and Twelve Essay Example For Students

Organizational Behavior Movie Analysis Oceans Eleven and Twelve Essay After being released from jail, Danny Ocean organized and leaded a team of 10 other individuals with different specialties to rob the vault that holds more than $150 million for three casinos owned by Terry Benedict in Las Vegas. The task is highly complex due to the tight casino security and had never been done before. 1 The casinos vault is the least accessible vault ever designed. According to Rusty, trying to rob the vault would be like trying to build a house of cards on the deck of a speeding boat ?. Reuben, who funds the robbery, is also the man who invented the casino security system and claims that it cant be beat ?. Other than the vault, watchers, cameras, locks, the casino has enough armed personnel to occupy Paris. The most successful robber had only ran a few steps out of the casino with the money before being killed, and the money was not even from the vault. The security of the casino was also extremely tight and impossible to get past. The casino houses a security system which rivals most nuclear missile silos ?. First the team needed to get through three cages which each had a different six-digit code changed every twelve hours. After that they had to get through the elevators which wouldnt move without authorized fingerprint identification and vocal confirmations from both the security center within the casino and the vault below ?. If they tried to manually override the elevator, they would trigger the motion detectors and be trapped inside. After reaching the vault, there were armed guards and the most elaborate vault door conceived by man ?. If they managed get past all the security, they still needed to figure a way to walk out with 150 million dollars of cash. However, given the unbeatable security system, the team still succeeded in their mission and robbed the vault without being caught. It led us to wonder what exactly was unique of the team that contributed to their success. Hence, we came up with a question to explore: What underlying factors of the team contributed to the accomplishment of such a difficult task? Our team utilized the Team Effectiveness Model as a backbone of our analysis of our determined question, which contained the contextual factors, composition of the team, and the teams processes in accomplishing the task. Context The following three contextual factors contributed to the potential team effectiveness. Adequate Resources: The air ticket outlay, simulation construction expenditure, vehicle payment and other miscellaneous expenses were indispensable in order to rob Benedicts casinos. Without Reubens funding, the task could not even be commenced. Besides the financial support, the timely information about the blueprint of the casinos from Danny and proper explosion equipment provided by Basher were non-financial resources that contributed to the success. Leadership and Structure All team members were equipped with proper abilities and willingness to effectuate the delegated tasks. For instance, Livingston, who was the ex-FBI member, was responsible for the engineering support. Basher, who was a munitions expert, handled the explosion of the vault. In light of the Situational Leadership Theory, leaders can take the hands-off ? approach, without involvement for these able and willing followers. For example, members experience and professionalism could substitute the needs of leaderships instruction and support. Another reason for leadership could be absent from this team owed to the clear structure. There were explicit formalized goals to rob the casino, distinct procedures to sneak into gateways of the casino, and intrinsic motivation of members to stay in the team. Climate of Trust: Each member believed that the others would not take advantage of one another. They were willing to be exposed to vulnerabilities due to their interdependence and the chained ? structure of the task. For example, Dannys installation of explosion device relied on Yens trespass into the vault, which in turn depended on Rustys success in tricking securities to deliver the trolley. Composition Team composition is the mix of people who make up the team. The combination, distribution and complementarity matter. It consists of the ability and personality of team members, allocation of roles, diversity, team size and members flexibility and preferences. Abilities of Members: In the team of Oceans Eleven, every member had different abilities and expertise in their own areas, such as Linus (talented pickpocket), Basher (explosives expert) and Livingston (electronics expert). 2 As mentioned, the tasks in the film were very complex. The high-ability team in the movie unquestionably allowed better flexibility and adaptability. Moreover, both Danny and Rusty were smart leaders, who further enhanced the teams success. Allocation of Roles An effective team has different roles, which are needed to be filled by various members. In Oceans Eleven, Danny acted as a creator since he initiated the crazy idea to steal from the casino vault. Rusty acted like a controller because he enforced rules to ensure the process of the plan, for example, trying to urge Danny to give up when he realized Dannys ex-wife Tess was then Benedicts girlfriend. All members acted as a maintainer to fight external battles. Due to the high complexity of the task and the limited number of team member, multiple roles were essential, especially Danny and Rusty. 3 The two were more skilled and experienced, so they were placed in the central roles to handle more of the work in the team. Moreover, different work assignments were distributed that fit with each members individual strengths. Diversity of Members Diversity was another important factor for the success of the team. In Oceans Eleven, the team consisted of members ranging from old to young, black to white. Despite their difference in surface-level demographics, their deep-level values were very similar as mentioned. As the leaders, Danny and Rusty provided an inspirational common goal, so teams could take advantage from the diversity characteristic. Diversity would impose a negative impact upon a team in the short run. However, the team of Oceans Eleven had known each other and most have worked together before. Therefore, diversity was an advantage to the team. Process Even having the right contextual and compositional factors, the group can only possess a potential group effectiveness. It can only be actualized through a positive process gain. A group with excellent contextual and compositional factors would still fail without a positive process gain. A positive process gain includes a common purpose, specific goals, team efficacy and minimum social loafing. Common Purpose Group effectiveness is largely determined by members commitment to the common purpose. The common purpose of the Oceans Eleven team was straightforward, simply to successfully rob the cash inside Terry Benedicts casino vault. However, the drive behind each members commitment was slightly different. Reasons of their own motivated them to commit fully into the common desired goal. Each member was strongly motivated to achieve their common purpose. With this motivation, they showed high reflexivity and were willing to adapt to different conditions in the plan. Along with the well-structured and thoroughly-discussed plan, the whole team understood the roles of each person and clearly knew what had to be accomplished and how. As a result, each member of the team was able to transcend their personal interests towards the accomplishment of the common goal, and ultimately led to their success. Experimental Aircraft Association: Analysis of a Discourse Community EssayThey recruited another 9 specialists and led the team to put the plan into action. At first, Reuben Tishkoff, the financer of the project, was reluctant to take part because he knew that no one had succeeded in robbing a casino in history. However, he finally decided to join, as he perceived the task as a chance to revenge against Benedict. The task was highly complex due to the tight casino security system. Ryan also discovered during the middle of the task, that Benedicts girlfriend was Oceans ex-wife, and so he urged Ocean to give up the plan. However, Ocean refused. Ocean desperately wanted to win his wifes love back. During the operation, Ocean went to the Bellagio to see Benedict and was consequently locked in a storeroom as planned. Bruiser, which was Oceans friend, was supposed to beat him. Yet, after promising a great deal of money to Bruiser, Ocean was allowed to leave the room via the ventilation shaft. In order to interrupt the normal services of the casino, they stole a device which was used to interrupt the electrical power of the whole Vegas for a few seconds. This allowed them to successfully pass through all the packed security systems. Ryan consequently called Benedict, informing him of empty vault and all the money would be destroyed if he did not cooperate and delivery half of the money to them. Benedict called the S. W. A. T team to secure the vault. However, the SWAT force was actually dubbed by the team, and the image Benedict saw of his vault being robbed on his surveillance system was also faked. In the end, Oceans team successfully walked out of the casino and all other members were able to share the money equally. Most importantly, Ocean won his ex-wifes love and trust back. Appendix B â€Å" Team Members of Oceans Eleven Appendix C â€Å" Allocation of Roles of Oceans Eleven Appendix D The Analysis of Each Members Motivation Towards the Common Purpose Out of the eleven members of the Oceans Eleven team, two of them have set specific yet difficult goals which were both unrelated to money. The leader of the team, Danny Ocean, was freshly out of prison. His ultimate goal and motivation was to reconcile with his ex-wife Tess, which was something difficult to accomplish since Tess hated Danny. In the end of the movie, it was revealed that Dannys motive in robbing the casino was to show Tess that Terry Benedict did not care about her as much as Danny did. Danny was willing to go through all difficulties and challenges to rob a casino to reach his goal. Thus the Goal-Setting Theory can explain his high performance. Reuben Tishkoff was another member of the team with a motivation that was supported by the Goal-Setting Theory. When Danny and Rusty first approached Reuben with their plan of robbing a casino, Reuben immediately refused to participate as he thought it was an insane idea and impossible to be done. However, once Danny and Rusty revealed that they were targeting Terry Benedicts three casinos, Reuben saw that as a great opportunity to take revenge on Terry for demolishing his hotel. This intention motivated him to join the team despite all the difficulties. The need for achievement from McClelands Theory of Needs can explain the motivation behind Rusty Ryan, Saul Bloom and Basher Tarr. Rusty had been a partner of Danny before Danny was imprisoned, and he did not have any chances to be part of exciting projects. He was stuck in a boring job until Danny was released from prison and presented him the idea of robbing casinos. To Rusty money was a great motivation for him to be part of the team, however on top of that he wanted to engage in a new project to escape from boredom and gain satisfaction. Saul was a retired man with enough money to spend, therefore money is not his primary motivation. He claimed that he had changed and was content with his life when Rusty first approached him. In reality, Saul was extremely bored and had no direction of his life. He was convinced to join by Rusty later on. Therefore, he seemed to be motivated by the sense of achievement and satisfaction. Basher was a robber and was motivated by money, but this was not his only motivation. When Rusty approached Basher and invited him to join the project, Basher revealed that he was glad that he could work with professionals again. Before that, Basher was doing robbery projects with people that he considered useless and unskilled. Other than money, Basher was also interested in participating in a challenging project with professionals. Therefore, he joined the team despite the risks and hoped to excel in the project. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs applies to Frank Catton, the Malloy twins and the Amazing ? Yen. When Danny approached Frank at the casino, he seemed eager and asked him whether he was planning a job already. Frank was suffering from a serious case of bronchitis, and was eager to leave Las Vegas. Therefore, he was in need of a large amount of money. The twin brothers, Virgil and Turk Malloy, were the mechanics and drivers of the team. It was revealed in the movie that they were unemployed for six months and were having difficulty to pass time ?. Therefore, they were motivated by money and also to fill in hours by being a part of the team. Yen was a Chinese acrobat in a circus. He was dependent on his skill and his job in the circus. Without other information given, Yen was assumed to be motivated primarily by money. Lastly, Linus Caldwell and Livingston Dells motivation could be explained by Herzbergs Two Factor Theory. Linus father was a legendary con man. His father did not want him to live on his name, so Linus had been looking for the opportunity to prove that he was unique and capable to surpass his father. He was very talented but acknowledged that he was the least experienced out of the whole team. Therefore, the experience that he would gain through the project also motivated him. Livingston was working with the FBI when he was first introduced in the film. However, he was not being respected by the agents and was frustrated. It was apparent that he was motivated by a social need to have recognition and respect. According to the Equity Theory, since the money is equally divided among members and each member is essential to the project, they would consider their inputs and rewards are equally distributed. Therefore, they would be further motivated. According to the Expectancy Theory, members expect to gain rewards after certain performance. In this case it is clearly stated in the beginning that if the money is successfully robbed, they would receive an equal share, and intrinsically they would also expect certain non-financial rewards which they believe would be achieved through this operation. Therefore they were also motivated because of these expectations.

Euthanasia Abstract free essay sample

In my research paper, I will be discussing the question: should euthanasia by legalized? I will advocate for its legalization and provide substantial evidence to support my standpoint. I will also mention at least one argument from the opposition in hopes to avoid bias. In terms of the law, euthanasia, or assisted suicide, ought to be equated with homicide. Homicide is defined by the killing of one human being by another human being, and is punishable by life in prison or the death penalty. It is considered one of the most morally reprehensible crimes a person can commit. Yet voluntary euthanasia, or assisted suicide, is only punishable by a maximum of 14 years in prison. In this paper, I will elucidate on the dissimilarity in sentencing, and my endorsement of it. Ethically, euthanasia is a different matter all together. The examination of this controversial issue has been popular in applied ethics, even more so after Jack Kevorkian and his involvement in at least 130 assisted suicides. We will write a custom essay sample on Euthanasia Abstract or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Euthanasia is defined as the termination of ill, typically terminal individuals with the intent to relieve them of their suffering. The key point I will discuss extensively is Immanuel Kant’s idea that only those ethical principles that could be accepted as a universal rule should be accepted. Basically, the idea is that giving everyone a good death through euthanasia is the only way it will be accepted universally and morally. I will also touch on human rights, a person’s ‘right’ to die; and the beneficence aspect of euthanasia that led to it being coined as a mercy killing. Euthanasia is an ideal issue to examine for my research paper. It is a controversial issue that questions how morally obligated and invested our society should be with death.

How the Internet Fuels Terrorism

How the Internet Fuels Terrorism Free Online Research Papers The First Amendment is the bedrock of the United States, and without adherence to First Amendment rights and privileges, America will suffer. The Foreign Intelligence and Surveillance Act (FISA) was first enacted in 1978 and subsequently modified extensively with the USA Patriot Act of 2001. After the tragedy of September 11, 2001, the federal government ramped up its security investigations to gather intelligence on foreign terrorist groups seeking to destroy the spread of democracy. The proliferation of satellite communications is allowing these terrorist groups to exchange information and coordinate attacks on their â€Å"enemies.† Introduction The First Amendment’s protection of free speech is the United States’ bedrock and is being threatened by the internet explosion that is being misused by global terrorists. The explosion in technology over the last two decades laid the framework for interconnectivity opening communication channels twenty-four hours per day, 365 days per year to every corner of the world. Internet connections can be achieved with satellite technology through out the globe allowing entrepreneurs to maintain continuous trade, medical professionals to collaborate cures, academics to correlate research, law enforcement to snoop on every human being and terrorists to plot world destruction. With any good technology, there are always those schemers trying to make illicit profits or to cause harm to settle personal vendettas or advance personal goals. In particular, the United States has taken up radical Islamists as its twenty-first century enemy. The U.S. government has reorganized nation al security to battle the terrorists until financial ruin or victory is achieved over the terrorists. To battle terrorists, America primarily uses the Foreign Intelligence and Surveillance Act (FISA) first enacted in 1978 and subsequently modified extensively with the USA Patriot Act of 2001 (law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00001801-000-.html). After the tragedy of September 11, 2001, the federal government ramped up its security investigations to gather intelligence on foreign terrorist groups seeking to destroy the spread of democracy. The proliferation of satellite communications allows terrorist groups to exchange information and coordinate attacks on their â€Å"enemies.† FISA provisions of court ordered warrants by Supreme Court nominees and the Constitution are now being ignored for the sake of fighting the global war on terror. Freedom of Speech When the founding fathers began writing the constitution of the USA it focused on individual rights and responsibilities. The first known formalization of the concept of free speech recorded is the appearance of Sir Thomas More before King Henry VIII in 1523 (Freedom of Speech, 2007). Since free speech has been a governmental concept for only the last six centuries, continued prescription is inevitable. With today’s litigious society, limits and expanses of free speech will be continually challenged. The United Nations in 1948 attempted to universalize the right to free speech without fear of incarceration (Freedom of Speech, 2007). Certain speech that is intended to incite a riot or violence is generally restricted as the public need to peace and tranquility takes the forefront. Referencing Wikipedia, one must note that many countries are listed for their advances in declarations of rights to free speech, but it is quite notable that Middle Eastern countries are missing . This paper will attempt to bring to the forefront the immense challenge of encouraging technology deployment while maintaining a vigilant watch on terrorists that seek to do harm to America and its many freedom partners. Regulations That Promote Free Speech The Constitution and its Bill of Rights are the foundation of the Freedom of Speech. Our judicial system continually referees challenges to the First Amendment. Landmark cases that limit free speech are noteworthy and somewhat numerous: 1) Miller test for obscenity, 2) Copyright protections, 3) Roth versus the United States, and 4) the Pruneyard Case. Freedom of speech in the U.S. generally allows anyone to say anything, print any publication, or broadcast any media without censorship only to defend its permissibility and its innocence after the fact. Larry Flint is one of those willing to challenge all boundaries of obscenity and be very willing to suffer the consequences. Flint could definitely be called a First Amendment martyr. With so many means of media and communication, many federal agencies come into the foray to protect free speech. Besides federal, common and case law, the United States takes to heart international law such as the United Nations Universal Declaratio n of Human Rights. Article 19 of that UN declaration states, everyone has the right to opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media, regardless of frontiers (Freedom of Speech, 2007). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with its traditional challenge of reigning in unruly broadcasters and publishers must now face the perils of unfettered internet access. The internet opens up so many means of communicating – both beneficial and harmful. Specifically the FCC utilizes post facto sanctions to punish media providers that violate community standards definitions of obscenity or indecency. Since internet transmissions can come from anywhere in the world into every living room in the world, the FCC has an almost insurmountable challenge to protect the new digital age of communication while building â€Å"firewalls† to protect against terrorism. Protecting Internet Free Speech The First Amendment will always take the form of granite for America with the judicial system continuing to define the crystals that form the rock. Public action groups such as www.savetheinternet.com and www.MoveOn.org serve as citizen referees to maintain the internet and other public venues available to all to express opinions openly. A recent victory for these groups was the defeat of Senator Ted Stevens’ H.R. 5252 Telco bill that was seen as very pro-industry and anti-public in nature (Huge Victory†¦, 2007). The bill and the subsequent fight to defeat featured the concept of net neutrality. Net neutrality focuses on the process design of the internet and not the content; passage of the Stevens’ bill would have allowed internet providers to price web content according to a scale that would have left public non-corporate content at hit 1,000,000 plus. Most call the processing system of the internet, the pipes (internet backbone on servers, fiber optic netwo rks and web portals). Supporters of net neutrality stress that the pipe owners maintain a reasonable separation so content will not be slanted too far left or right. Traditional media such as newspapers definitely show political leanings by their editorials, and the internet serves as the virtual scales of justice. While net neutrality focused on the backbone, other groups trying to protect the internet are the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT). One example of federal law protecting internet content was the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) that offers protection to intellectual property (Free Speech, 2006). Such property takes the form of something as simple as clipart: ?. One well established protection for reporters that allows anonymous sources to remain anonymous is being afforded via internet bloggers for the most part. These attempts to extend free speech protections to the digital world closely track laws and regulations in the traditional beacons of transparency: vagueness, overbreadth, and prior restraint. With the internet being the most participatory form of mass speech yet developed, the right to free speech will be tested until t he end of time. Invasions of Privacy Big brother is watching. George Orwell would love to rewrite his classic book, 1984, based on such organizations as the Army Web Risk Assessment Cell (AWRAC) (Reed, 2007). AWARAC operates automated surveillance of troops’ blogs and web content to control careless or possible malicious release of secret data. In the meantime AWARAC can scan soldier’s complaints. Many soldiers typically disagree at one time or another about command’s direction, but the internet allows a bon fire of unlimited blogging that could lead to detrimental troop morale. This example portrays the possibility of common citizen monitoring very plausible. Of course, it is not illegal to search the internet for say military complaints randomly, but if the government sets up digital programs to monitor all lanes of free speech that leaders find displeasing, an invasion of privacy is inevitable. The internet has given birth to the newest crime category and venue of today: cyber crime and internet terrorism. These new crime areas threaten aviation, financial security, national security, identities and national defense. Committing criminal or forbidden acts can take the simple form of posting a blog where an Army unit is traveling. Travel fears should ripple when someone hacks into the Federal Aviation Administration’s air traffic control server to change location displays of various aircraft in order that several horrendous crashes occur simultaneously. The question remains, if individuals knowingly or innocently violate laws and regulations, does that give the government carte blanche to monitor all internet transmissions? This appears to violate the innate right of Americans to say and print almost anything to only suffer consequences later. To battle these new crime channels, governments must tune traditional intelligence gathering and sharing paradigms. To establish and adjudicate security clearances for all levels of government is essentially unachievable. To fight these new breeds of terrorists, all levels of government must be keen to threats, vigilantly share information with other agencies and in turn receive valuable intelligence to shift resources in preparation for upcoming attacks. Intelligence officers today need to be master surfers as well as master data analysts. When all sects of society join together and the federal government sharpens their intelligence frameworks, homeland security can be continuously improved. Global Internet Technologies To imagine that America’s homeland security can be threatened by something as simple as a bicycle powered generator and a 30-inch dish with a $150 laptop changes all preconceived ideas of typical criminal backrooms. Simple technology is being developed to spread educational opportunities throughout the world, but that same capability can easily deliver Al Qaeda’s next operation order to attack a U.S. Embassy in Tanzania. Communication has always been vital to the battlefield, but with instantaneous messaging, Osama Bin Laden could direct a strike against any target at any time with a $100 GPS that is accurate to within 100 feet. Various groups will continue the development of simple and easy to use computing technologies, and this information sharing may help inform diverse groups to understand others so they are not feared or hated. One such foundation is One Laptop Per Child which deploys laptops to impoverished children (Hilton, 2006). These laptops do not have much software but come with wireless network connectivity. Network connections take the form of existing cellular telephone networks, long-range microwave and satellite fed networks. Besides expansion of educational opportunities, this technology explosion opens up new venues for holding national elections, agricultural trading, medical treatment extension, and banking. Internet Technologies Used by Terrorist Originally hackers were very annoying to the point that computers were corrupted requiring operating systems to be reinstalled. Bruce Berkowitz stated in 2001, â€Å"the real threat is not the hackers you see; it’s the ones you don’t.† Now those same hackers are being hired by terrorists to look for data to discover vulnerabilities of their enemies to cause havoc. The simplest method to battle an electronic enemy is to develop advanced technology continuously: firewalls, encryption programs, and training vigilant users. This technology of course has to be home grown. Traditional national security intelligence efforts are known for their reports and briefs and now need to be known for their internet savvy. If the federal government can attract young techies with the glamour to be the next 007, our intelligence efforts will be back at the forefront. As vast and diverse illicit uses of the internet become evermore prevalent, the costs to society to counter cyberterrorism will impact the free flow of information. Intelligence agencies must reform around internet connectivity to analyze potential enemies as well as serving as the microscope to dissect who and what is being planned. Some of the many ways the internet can be used by terrorists are psychological warfare, propaganda, fundraising, recruitment, data mining, and coordination of actions. Foreign Terrorist Organizations designated under the U.S. Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 almost all unanimously maintained websites by year 2000 (Weimann, 2004). These organizations employ webmasters that change internet protocol (IP) addresses almost daily and upload and remove websites as quick as a mouse click. The first avenue of eight different ways to use the internet by terrorists is psychological warfare. All modern armies use some psychological warfare. Terrorist are very good at disinformation causing fear and panic with fake attacks. This method draws eerie similarities to Orson Well’s War of the World’s infamous radio show nearly effecting pandemonium. Information is powerful, and terrorists who learn how and when to spread disinformation may cause almost as much damage as rockets. The USA’s most wanted terrorist organization, Al Qaeda, wages continuous fake attacks on the US, like white envelopes with white powder. These attacks typically cause some level of alarm that impacts the stock and bond markets, but principally diverts intelligence resources away from a possible another September 11, 2001. The second focus area, publicity and propaganda, are used by terrorists to gain public awareness and empathy for their cause and financial support. One key area that is always stressed is the perils faced by their captured comrades. Those prisoners are touted as being religious zealots not terrorists. Religious groups should have a free reign to practice their religion, but when that practice takes the form of collaborated Improvised Explosive Devices (IED), those groups must be controlled. Terrorists claim that their point of view will not be heard without explosions, that their way of life is being attacked by the West, and that their espousing of sovereignty is their sole goal. All of these goals gel easily around the internet’s free, unfettered and uncensored communication. It is strange to think that the internet is the ultimate symbol of a free world but is also a terrorist’s greatest weapon. The third area that terrorists focus on is data mining. This area is exploited by all parties – good and bad. When one thinks that there are over a billion pages of information on the internet, it is easy to see that this is much more valuable than all the South African diamond mines together. A simple Yahoo search on the term â€Å"internet terrorism† yields over 24 million hits. Since the internet grows by the nanosecond, information analyzing is becoming infinite. Terrorists form such organizations as the Muslim Hackers Club who disseminates sensitive or classified information such as Secret Service radio frequencies, electronic virus tutorials, and building blueprints (Weimann, 2004). When the US discovered Al Qaeda with U.S. dam drawings, the Army Corps of Engineers stop posting engineering project designs as a part of contract solicitations. These contract packages are now only available on a bona fide need to know. A real security challenge remains to pro tect key infrastructure sites around the world, and this increasing effort to protect will no doubt close venues to public access in the future. How is all of this paid for? Fundraising on the internet becomes a very economical means. Howard Dean displayed in the 2004 US Presidential election that raising funds on the internet is very viable. Terrorist publish overseas account numbers for sympathizers to make deposits. Many groups that appear to be legitimate non-profits are in fact fronts for jihadist groups. One uncanny example is that of Sami Hussayen who was a doctoral candidate in computer science supported by the National Security Agency. He was found to be creating websites that disseminated radical jihadist messages. Supporters of various terrorists are recruited and mobilized easily through the web and its many tangles. The perils of internet cookies tastes bitter when one is considered to be targeted for donations or moral support because of their perusing of terrorist websites. Principally the internet is used to sway sympathizers to join the militias based on their anti-American propaganda and religious decrees. Al Qaeda is the principal group using the internet to stage recruitment campaigns. The internet is also used to invoke public displays of support as demonstrated by the world wide collective protest to the arrest of Abdullah Ocalan, the leader of the Kurdist terrorist group, Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK) (Weimann, 2004). The internet perfectly enables Al Qaeda and Hamas to form loose coalitions of terrorism organizations. Since these organizations are constantly being hunted by the western world, a traditional hierarchical structure is not easily maintained. The internet lends itself to horizontally organized groups dispersed all over the world. Bombs are being built by these groups with online assembly manuals, and the terror cells are formed lightening quick and text message operation orders are issued to place and detonate those bombs. The seventh area terrorists are using the internet is information sharing – collaboration. Three scary publications found on the internet are 1) The Terrorist’s Handbook, 2) The Anarchist Cookbook and 3) The Mujahadeen Poisons Handbook. Of course the best of those 3 manuals along with other terrorist publications are collated into The Encyclopedia of Jihad (Weimann, 2004). Information on the internet with evil purposes is not solely privileged for Jihadist groups but also inspires individuals to formulate individual evil. Many other examples in the free world display the unpredictable consequences of having such malevolence information available freely on the internet. The eighth portal that the internet opens to terrorists is the planning and coordination efforts that can be conducted virtually. Planners of September 11, 2001 used public free email accounts to transmit cryptic messages from public internet terminals. Graphic files are used frequently with operation orders embedded behind the graphics for concealment. Anti-terrorist organizations have focused their efforts normally on cyber terrorism and not the routine transmission of complex encrypted email messages containing the next 9-1-1. When the battle begins on the many ways that terrorists use the internet, democracy may be dealt blows with losses of privacy. Terrorists are starting to finance their campaigns by conducting cyber crimes, e.g. brokering stolen corporate secrets. Gabriel Weimann stated in 2004, â€Å"It is a paradox: those movements who criticize Western technology and modernity are using the West’s most advanced communication technology, the Internet, to spread their message.† As this digital cat and mouse continue their chase, the U. S. Government must balance their aggression against sacred freedoms. Counter Internet Terrorism FISA, Foreign Intelligence and Surveillance Act, first enacted in 1978 as a reaction to the new cold war, started with good intentions, but have gone awry in recent years. FISA is the federal government’s most lethal homeland operation platform available to fight terrorism in general. Along with FISA, the more recent USA Patriot Act added complimentary defensive postures. Besides laws, our government uses Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening Systems (CAPPS II), Terrorist Threat Integration Center (TTIC), the Defense Advanced Projects Administration (DARPA), Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA), and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Board (PCLB) (Steinberg, Graham Eggers, 2003). These modern efforts to secure our national security are force multipliers to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). If all of these national laws, regulations and agencies are worked in concert, all Americans will be safer. FISA details procedures for electronic and physical surveillance and gathering of foreign intelligence information that is between foreign powers. This intelligence gathering should be for the sake of finding terrorist cells that intend harm on America or Americans living abroad. FISA’s very secret court that approves almost baseless warrants to perform physical searches or electronic surveillance programs started being used extensively in year 2000 under President Clinton and even more frequently under the Bush Administration. This secret court is comprised of 11 judges appointed by the Supreme Court Chief Justice and is housed in the Department of Justices. Troubling concerns became public in recent years that the President of the United States conducted electronic surveillance specifically without FISA warrants in the name of fighting the Global War on Terror. FISA was significantly revised with the USA Patriot Act of 2001 to allow intelligence gathering activities on foreign groups that may or may not be backed by a foreign government. The USA Patriot Act approved by Congress as a result of the tragedy of September 11, 2001 was the greatest step-change that the Federal Government has promulgated to protect America while threatening our freedoms commonly called privacy rights. Privacy rights are definitely going to be violated as the Patriot Act is utilized, but it is the terrorist that the wire taps, data mining, and various cyber probes were supposed to target. The Patriot Act is supposed to be used to find foreign threats that generally reside within the United States. Common reactions leading to the Patriot Act were to never allow terrorist to be trained to fly planes in the U.S., travel around the country freely or violate VISA requirements. One overarching goal of the Patriot Act is to coalesce local, state and federal law enforcement agencies into a homogenous intelligence gathering and sharing team to stop terrorists. CAPPS II is being tested by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), an agency formed as a result of 9-11-01 (Steinberg, Graham Eggers, 2003). TSA intends to scan all commercial airliner passenger manifests looking for potential terrorists. TTIC a creation of 2003 vintage by the George W. Bush administration offers another very pervasive avenue into our everyday lives (Steinberg, Graham Eggers, 2003). TTIC seeks to coordinate information sharing between various intelligence gathering agencies. The goal of TTIC is not to gather more information, but rather to facilitate the collaboration of intelligence agencies to gain analytical synergies. Successful collaboration could lead to protections for critical infrastructure such as agriculture, transportation, water resources, and energy. DARPA sponsors research into data mining techniques and pattern recognition technologies that could develop new tools to discover terrorist plots or battlefield plans by the enemy. One s uch program to mine data is TIA (Steinberg, Graham Eggers, 2003). TIA is designed to detect terrorist groups planning attacks against America. TIA serves as the ultimate blender to integrate various technologies to provide tools to authorized intelligence and law enforcement agencies to gather critical data to detect terrorists. To possibly balance the three above intelligence agencies, the five-member Privacy and Civil Liberties Board has secretly operated for almost a year and will make its first report to Congress soon (Yen, 2007). The Board was intended to be a watchdog over the various FISA and Patriot Act reforms to determine if they have caused unruly invasions into private lives. The Board has looked at international financial transaction monitoring, warrant less eavesdropping, and the Homeland Security Department’s no-fly lists. The Board was tasked with looking at how the various oversight activities were conducted so that national security validated warrants and searches without warrants did not cause irreparable harm to America. Citizen Protections from Counter Terrorism Activities FISA courts were set up to serve the President while providing some means of protection for our citizen liberties. One really has to wonder why President Bush avoids the court formed to protect America. In 2000, Judge Lambert discovered that the FBI was misleading the court on the purpose of national security wiretaps. As a result of this court’s actions, tremendously needed wiretaps of Al Qaeda suspects were shut down. Immediate search and seizures in the name of foreign terrorist surveillance can be made without a warrant, but must be certified by the Attorney General after the fact. Domestically, the FISA court serves as the principal gatekeeper, but internationally the young Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime (CECC) steps into the foray to offer some common sense (Cybercrime Hacking, 2007). Anytime a process is validated by several countries, it should offer greater individual freedom protections. Only time will tell if this international intelligence gathering venue truly gets to the source quicker and more efficiently while avoiding violations of citizen’s personal life. Since all of these information gathering methods involve some form of communication, it must be obvious to realize that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) must play a key role in protecting constitutional freedoms. A crucial supporting cast to the FCC is the Homeland Security Policy Council (HSPC, 2007). HSPC was formed in late 2001 to strengthen measures to protect U.S. telecommunications, broadcast and communications infrastructure. HSPC was also tasked with being the emergency coordination agency in the event of terrorist attacks on communication systems, providing the means of last resort for first responders to effectively communicate. It is essential that the FCC plays a key role in terrorism awareness as that agency is able to reserve vital frequencies for communication. National disasters such as Hurricane Katrina clearly displayed the importance of interoperability. Besides government sponsored internet protectors, grass roots organizations such as Reporters Without Borders (RSF) maintain websites devoted to uncovering enemies of the internet (Enemies of the internet, 2006). As of November 2006 RSF listed 13 blacklisted countries. RSF has organized online coordinated protests to show worldwide support to maintain a free open internet. A free uncensored internet will keep bloggers posting their complaints about countries that are traditional human rights violators, e.g. China, Iran and North Korea. It will certainly be very interesting to watch whether penetrating U.S. intelligence activities could actually plop America on the predator of freedoms list. Global War on Terror (GWOT) Over $700 billion spent in the last four years and no closer to finding Osama bin Laden or weapons of mass destruction (WMD) makes every taxpayer cringe at the thought of continuing the fight for years to come. The answer to this world dilemma will come from innovative novel solutions. One such potential solution is allowing young scientists to craft means to destroy satellites virtually or physically. The Air Force Research Laboratory in New Mexico houses one such simple group formed to achieve those results. The group is named Space Countermeasures Hands On Program or Space CHOP (Shachtman, 2007). For example this group may go to the neighborhood electronic store to build simple devices that block vital satellite signals. Discovering these vulnerabilities along with hacking in their free time, define the next defensive front that must be armed and ready to protect national assets. For the free world to achieve a semblance of terrorism control, it is simple to see that to be able to fight modern terrorists, one must think and act like one. When someone considers that an individual can peddle an exercise bike to generate electricity to connect to the World Wide Web to transmit a lethal operational order that releases deadly attacks on trains in Spain, advances in counter-terrorism are critical. Instant messaging becomes a normal means of communication for battlefield commanders via PDA’s linked to satellite or cellular systems. Information is available to understand the issues; one such web page by the Counterproliferation Center of the U.S. Air Force lists 28 pages of links (GWOT, 2007). One day, counter terrorism classes may become as common as First Aid classes. Sacrifices for Security Intelligence gathering will not subside anytime soon, so the question must be answered how America will maintain privacy for every citizen and organization. Discussions are really just beginning to start with the apparently never ending GWOT. The public has only learned within the last year or so that the President of the United States authorized search and seizures without warrants to gain information about potential foreign terrorists. Regulations to protect us also offer invasions into every personal life. FISA, CIA, FBI, and our military are intended to make peace, but they also offer chaos. Becoming a better and stronger nation must be the goal of our leaders for all facets of life: education, economics, medical care, safety and democracy. Democracy is what sets America apart with its unlimited entrepreneurial spirit. This spirit in a sense makes close bedfellows with internet hackers. Hopefully each reader can see that creating an atmosphere that allows some harmless hacking actually presents opportunities to build new firewalls from terrorists. The key to fighting today’s and tomorrow’s radical terrorists lies within the internet. Sophisticated terrorists are the norm, and America must develop a new army of cyber warriors. Do you feel the calling? References Attacking Terrorist Networks at Home and Abroad, The White House, Washington, accessed February 20, 2007. Becker, Gary S., Why a Crash Wouldn’t Cripple The Economy, Hoover Digest No. 4, Hoover Institution, 1997. Berkowitz, Bruce, Fixing U.S. Intelligence, Hoover Institution, March 19, 2001. Berkowitz, Bruce, Preparing for the Computer Wars, Hoover Institution, August 13, 2001. Censorship Fears over New Online Ethics Commission, Reporters Without Borders, February 16, 2007. Cybercrime and Hacking, Computer World, IDG News, August 04, 2006. Enemies of the Internet Named, BBC News, London, November 7, 2006. FCC To Study ISP Business Practices, Stars and Stripes Volume 4, Number 346, Department of the Defense(DOD), 2007. 50 USC 1801, , law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode50/usc_sec_50_00001801-000-.html, accessed April 21, 2007. Flexible Deployment Assistance Guide 2nd Edition, Packet Mode Communications, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act – CALEA, August 2001. For $150, Third-World Laptop Stirs Big Debate, New York Times, November 11, 2006. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Wikipedia, accessed February 4, 2007. Free Expression, Center For Democracy Technology(CDT), 2007. Free Speech, Electronic Privacy Information Center, 2007. Freedom of Speech, Wikipedia.org, 2007. Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), U.S. Air Force Counterproliferation Center(USAFCC), accessed February 21, 2007. Glusing, Jens, Rao, Padma Himar Schmundt, The Dirt Road to the Information Superhighway, Spiegel Online, June 01, 2006. Goodman, Seymour Sofaer, Abraham, The Transnational Dimension of Cyber Crime and Terrorism, Hoover Institution, 2007. Help Us Protect Free Speech Online, Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 2007. Homeland Security Policy Council, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, accessed February 21, 2007. Huge Victory for Real People as Telco Bill Dies, savetheinternet.com, 2006. Lame Duck Alert: Don’t Let Senators Sell Us Out, savetheinternet.com, 2006. Lawmakers: Abuses Could Lead to Cuts in FBI Power, Associated Press, Stars and Stripes Volume 4, Number 343, Department of the Defense (DOD), 2007. Nakashima, Ellen, Business transactions rely on flawed terror watch list, Washington Post, Stars and Stripes, March 28, 2007. O’Brien, Teri, Did the FISA Court Stop Us From Connecting the Dots?, Free Republic, January 3, 2006. Privacy Technology: Internet Free Speech, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 2007. Reed, Fred, Troops’ Blogs Under Scrutiny, Washington Times, February 17, 2007. Shachtman, Noah, The Satellite Hackers, Popular Mechanics, February 2007. Sniffen, Michael J., FBI chief defends bureau’s authority to spy, Associated Press, Stars and Stripes, March 28, 2007. Steinberg, James B., Graham, Mary, Eggers, Andrew, Building Intelligence to Fight Terrorism, The Brookings Institution, September 2003. Swartz, Jon, Terrorists’ use of Internet spreads, USATODAY.com, February 20, 2005. Weimann, Gabriel, www.terror.net: How Modern Terrorism Uses the Internet, United States Institute of Peace (USIP), March, 2004. Yen, Hope, Board OKs eavesdropping, financial tracking, The Associated Press (AP), Washington, March 7, 2007. Research Papers on How the Internet Fuels TerrorismThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and Canada

The Rise of cash crops in America due to the carribean Research Paper

The Rise of cash crops in America due to the carribean - Research Paper Example 4). The role of planting and the increasing demand for cash crops provided the impetus for increased labor requirements in American soil, supplied by slaves in the Caribbean. In return, cash crops traded for salves â€Å"where slaves were exchanged for sugar, rum, salt, and other island products. The ships returned home loaded with products popular with the European people, and ready to begin their journey again† (The Caribbean Education Online, 2006, par. 1). In this regard, the research aims to proffer issues that would examine the influence of the Caribbean on American cash crops. Many people from the Caribbean immigrated to the United States in the 1700s and 1800s and brought with them the popularity of the cash crop business. The discourse would initially delve into cash crops, in general; and cash crops in the United States in the 18th century. With its increasing demand, the route by which these crops were traded, known to be the triangular trade, would likewise be explained. The Caribbean’s role in the trade would also be presented prior to an analysis of the significant aspects or factors that led to the increased demand and production of cash crops in America during the period under study. As previously defined, cash crops are agricultural crops grown for the purpose of selling or trading them for money. This kind of crops was differentiated from subsistence crops which were defined as crops â€Å"fed to the producers own livestock or grown as food for the producers family. In earlier times cash crops were usually only a small (but vital) part of a farms total yield, while today, especially in the developed countries, almost all crops are mainly grown for cash. In non-developed nations, cash crops are usually crops which attract demand in more developed nations, and hence have some export value† (Webster, 2010, par. 3). During the 18th century, â€Å"the colonies of the